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To establish a generalizable methodological framework for thinking budget optimization in medical reasoning, deriving predictive scaling laws and operationalizable efficiency regimes that enable principled computational resource allocation in clinical AI deployment. A thinking budget is the number of tokens allocated to intermediate reasoning before answer generation.

坐标转换是工程测绘中常见的工作，目前中国开展测绘工程所使用的坐标系是椭球分带高斯坐标系、独立坐标系和地方坐标系 3 种。而测绘工作得到的初始坐标系是由GPS 测量所得的大地经纬度坐标系，因此，需要将原有的坐标系转换为符合国家标准的坐标系。论文对经纬度坐标系向高斯坐标系的转换方式进行了研究。

Neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases, including dengue, chikungunya, lymphatic filariasis, and kala-azar, pose substantial public health burdens in India. Despite WHO recommendations for enhanced disease surveillance and targeted communication strategies, little is known about public perceptions and discussions of these diseases across digital platforms. Understanding these perceptions can guide evidence-based policy making and public health messaging.

IntroductionPharmaceutical stability is a key concern for space missions, where radiation, microgravity, and prelaunch repackaging may accelerate drug degradation. While prior studies examined medications in environmentally controlled spacecraft, data on vacuum exposure are limited. The Polaris Dawn mission provided an opportunity to evaluate drug content following depressurization of the

MKado is a Python toolkit for performing McDonald-Kreitman (MK) tests of natural selection from aligned coding sequences. It implements the standard MK test as well as a wide variety of its extensions and related statistics, including a number of methods for estimating the fraction of adaptive substitutions (